tikz.dev / TikZ-Feynman Manual
\(\newcommand{\footnotename}{footnote}\) \(\def \LWRfootnote {1}\) \(\newcommand {\footnote }[2][\LWRfootnote ]{{}^{\mathrm {#1}}}\) \(\newcommand {\footnotemark }[1][\LWRfootnote ]{{}^{\mathrm {#1}}}\) \(\let \LWRorighspace \hspace \) \(\renewcommand {\hspace }{\ifstar \LWRorighspace \LWRorighspace }\) \(\newcommand {\TextOrMath }[2]{#2}\) \(\newcommand {\mathnormal }[1]{{#1}}\) \(\newcommand \ensuremath [1]{#1}\) \(\newcommand {\LWRframebox }[2][]{\fbox {#2}} \newcommand {\framebox }[1][]{\LWRframebox } \) \(\newcommand {\setlength }[2]{}\) \(\newcommand {\addtolength }[2]{}\) \(\newcommand {\setcounter }[2]{}\) \(\newcommand {\addtocounter }[2]{}\) \(\newcommand {\arabic }[1]{}\) \(\newcommand {\number }[1]{}\) \(\newcommand {\noalign }[1]{\text {#1}\notag \\}\) \(\newcommand {\cline }[1]{}\) \(\newcommand {\directlua }[1]{\text {(directlua)}}\) \(\newcommand {\luatexdirectlua }[1]{\text {(directlua)}}\) \(\newcommand {\protect }{}\) \(\def \LWRabsorbnumber #1 {}\) \(\def \LWRabsorbquotenumber "#1 {}\) \(\newcommand {\LWRabsorboption }[1][]{}\) \(\newcommand {\LWRabsorbtwooptions }[1][]{\LWRabsorboption }\) \(\def \mathchar {\ifnextchar "\LWRabsorbquotenumber \LWRabsorbnumber }\) \(\def \mathcode #1={\mathchar }\) \(\let \delcode \mathcode \) \(\let \delimiter \mathchar \) \(\def \oe {\unicode {x0153}}\) \(\def \OE {\unicode {x0152}}\) \(\def \ae {\unicode {x00E6}}\) \(\def \AE {\unicode {x00C6}}\) \(\def \aa {\unicode {x00E5}}\) \(\def \AA {\unicode {x00C5}}\) \(\def \o {\unicode {x00F8}}\) \(\def \O {\unicode {x00D8}}\) \(\def \l {\unicode {x0142}}\) \(\def \L {\unicode {x0141}}\) \(\def \ss {\unicode {x00DF}}\) \(\def \SS {\unicode {x1E9E}}\) \(\def \dag {\unicode {x2020}}\) \(\def \ddag {\unicode {x2021}}\) \(\def \P {\unicode {x00B6}}\) \(\def \copyright {\unicode {x00A9}}\) \(\def \pounds {\unicode {x00A3}}\) \(\let \LWRref \ref \) \(\renewcommand {\ref }{\ifstar \LWRref \LWRref }\) \( \newcommand {\multicolumn }[3]{#3}\) \(\require {textcomp}\) \(\newcommand {\meta }[1]{\langle \textit {#1}\rangle }\) \(\newcommand {\intertext }[1]{\text {#1}\notag \\}\) \(\let \Hat \hat \) \(\let \Check \check \) \(\let \Tilde \tilde \) \(\let \Acute \acute \) \(\let \Grave \grave \) \(\let \Dot \dot \) \(\let \Ddot \ddot \) \(\let \Breve \breve \) \(\let \Bar \bar \) \(\let \Vec \vec \) \(\require {mathtools}\) \(\newcommand {\vcentcolon }{\mathrel {\unicode {x2236}}}\) \(\newcommand {\approxcolon }{\approx \vcentcolon }\) \(\newcommand {\Approxcolon }{\approx \dblcolon }\) \(\newcommand {\simcolon }{\sim \vcentcolon }\) \(\newcommand {\Simcolon }{\sim \dblcolon }\) \(\newcommand {\dashcolon }{\mathrel {-}\vcentcolon }\) \(\newcommand {\Dashcolon }{\mathrel {-}\dblcolon }\) \(\newcommand {\colondash }{\vcentcolon \mathrel {-}}\) \(\newcommand {\Colondash }{\dblcolon \mathrel {-}}\) \(\newenvironment {crampedsubarray}[1]{}{}\) \(\newcommand {\smashoperator }[2][]{#2\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\SwapAboveDisplaySkip }{}\) \(\newcommand {\LaTeXunderbrace }[1]{\underbrace {#1}}\) \(\newcommand {\LaTeXoverbrace }[1]{\overbrace {#1}}\) \(\Newextarrow \xLongleftarrow {10,10}{0x21D0}\) \(\Newextarrow \xLongrightarrow {10,10}{0x21D2}\) \(\let \xlongleftarrow \xleftarrow \) \(\let \xlongrightarrow \xrightarrow \) \(\newcommand {\LWRmultlined }[1][]{\begin {multline*}}\) \(\newenvironment {multlined}[1][]{\LWRmultlined }{\end {multline*}}\) \(\let \LWRorigshoveleft \shoveleft \) \(\renewcommand {\shoveleft }[1][]{\LWRorigshoveleft }\) \(\let \LWRorigshoveright \shoveright \) \(\renewcommand {\shoveright }[1][]{\LWRorigshoveright }\) \(\newcommand {\shortintertext }[1]{\text {#1}\notag \\}\) \(\require {centernot}\) \(\newcommand {\LWRoverlaysymbols }[2]{\mathord {\smash {\mathop {#2\strut }\limits ^{\smash {\lower 3ex{#1}}}}\strut }}\) \(\newcommand {\mmapsto }{\mathrel {\unicode {x021A6}}}\) \(\let \mmapstochar \mmapsto \) \(\newcommand {\longmmapsto }{\mathrel {\unicode {x021A6}}}\) \(\newcommand {\mmappedfrom }{\mathrel {\unicode {x021A4}}}\) \(\let \mmappedfromchar \mmappedfrom \) \(\newcommand {\longmmappedfrom }{\mathrel {\unicode {x021A4}}}\) \(\let \mmapsfrom \mmappedfrom \) \(\let \longmmapsfrom \longmmappedfrom \) \(\newcommand {\Mmapsto }{\mathrel {\unicode {x02907}}}\) \(\let \Mmapstochar \Mmapsto \) \(\newcommand {\Longmmapsto }{\mathrel {\unicode {x027FE}}}\) \(\newcommand {\Mmappedfrom }{\mathrel {\unicode {x02906}}}\) \(\let \Mmappedfromchar \Mmappedfrom \) \(\newcommand {\Longmmappedfrom }{\mathrel {\unicode {x027FD}}}\) \(\let \Mmapsfrom \Mmappedfrom \) \(\let \Longmmapsfrom \Longmmappedfrom \) \(\newcommand {\boxright }{\mathrel {\unicode {x025A1}\!\unicode {x02192}}}\) \(\newcommand {\boxleft }{\mathrel {\unicode {x02190}\!\unicode {x025A1}}}\) \(\newcommand {\boxdotright }{\mathrel {\unicode {x022A1}\!\unicode {x02192}}}\) \(\newcommand {\boxdotleft }{\mathrel {\unicode {x02190}\!\unicode {x022A1}}}\) \(\newcommand {\Diamondright }{\mathrel {\unicode {x025C7}\!\unicode {x02192}}}\) \(\newcommand {\Diamondleft }{\mathrel {\unicode {x02190}\!\unicode {x025C7}}}\) \(\newcommand {\Diamonddotright }{\mathrel {\unicode {x027D0}\!\unicode {x02192}}}\) \(\newcommand {\Diamonddotleft }{\mathrel {\unicode {x02190}\!\unicode {x027D0}}}\) \(\newcommand {\boxRight }{\mathrel {\unicode {x025A1}\!\unicode {x021D2}}}\) \(\newcommand {\boxLeft }{\mathrel {\unicode {x021D0}\!\unicode {x025A1}}}\) \(\newcommand {\boxdotRight }{\mathrel {\unicode {x022A1}\!\unicode {x021D2}}}\) \(\newcommand {\boxdotLeft }{\mathrel {\unicode {x021D0}\!\unicode {x022A1}}}\) \(\newcommand {\DiamondRight }{\mathrel {\unicode {x025C7}\!\unicode {x021D2}}}\) \(\newcommand {\DiamondLeft }{\mathrel {\unicode {x021D0}\!\unicode {x025C7}}}\) \(\newcommand {\DiamonddotRight }{\mathrel {\unicode {x027D0}\!\unicode {x021D2}}}\) \(\newcommand {\DiamonddotLeft }{\mathrel {\unicode {x021D0}\!\unicode {x027D0}}}\) \(\newcommand {\Diamonddot }{\mathrel {\unicode {x027D0}}}\) \(\newcommand {\circleright }{\mathrel {\unicode {x025CB}\!\unicode {x02192}}}\) \(\newcommand {\circleleft }{\mathrel {\unicode {x02190}\!\unicode {x025CB}}}\) \(\newcommand {\circledotright }{\mathrel {\unicode {x02299}\!\unicode {x02192}}}\) \(\newcommand {\circledotleft }{\mathrel {\unicode {x02190}\!\unicode {x02299}}}\) \(\let \circleddotright \circledotright \) \(\let \circleddotleft \circledotleft \) \(\newcommand {\multimapinv }{\mathrel {\unicode {x027DC}}}\) \(\newcommand {\multimapboth }{\mathrel {\unicode {x029DF}}}\) \(\newcommand {\multimapdot }{{\mathrel {-\!\bullet }}}\) \(\newcommand {\multimapdotinv }{\mathrel {\bullet \!-}}\) \(\newcommand {\multimapdotboth }{\mathrel {{\bullet \!\!-\!\!\bullet }}}\) \(\newcommand {\multimapdotbothA }{\mathrel {\unicode {x022B6}}}\) \(\newcommand {\multimapdotbothB }{\mathrel {\unicode {x22B7}}}\) \(\newcommand {\multimapbothvert }{\mathrel {\overset {\unicode {x025CB}}{\underset {\unicode {x025CB}}{|}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\multimapdotbothvert }{\mathrel {\overset {\unicode {x025CF}}{\underset {\unicode {x025CF}}{|}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\multimapdotbothBvert }{\mathrel {\overset {\unicode {x025CF}}{\underset {\unicode {x025CB}}{|}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\multimapdotbothAvert }{\mathrel {\overset {\unicode {x025CB}}{\underset {\unicode {x025CF}}{|}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\bignplus }{\mathop {\LWRoverlaysymbols {\unicode {xFF0B}}{\unicode {x22C2}}}}\) \(\let \bigcapplus \bignplus \) \(\let \capplus \bignplus \) \(\newcommand {\bigsqcapplus }{\mathop {\LWRoverlaysymbols {\unicode {xFF0B}}{\unicode {x2A05}}} }\) \(\let \sqcapplus \bigsqcapplus \) \(\newcommand {\bigsqcupplus }{\mathop {\LWRoverlaysymbols {\unicode {xFF0B}}{\unicode {x2A06}}} }\) \(\let \sqcupplus \bigsqcupplus \) \(\newcommand {\parallelslant }{\mathrel {\unicode {x02AFD}}}\) \(\newcommand {\parallelbackslant }{\mathrel {\unicode {x0005C}\!\!\unicode {x0005C}}}\) \(\newcommand {\Eqqcolon }{\mathrel {=\!\unicode {x2237}}}\) \(\let \eqqColon \Eqqcolon \) \(\newcommand {\dashColon }{\mathrel {-\unicode {x2237}}}\) \(\newcommand {\Colondash }{\mathrel {\unicode {x2237}-}}\) \(\newcommand {\colonapprox }{\mathrel {:\approx }}\) \(\newcommand {\colonsim }{\mathrel {:\sim }}\) \(\newcommand {\Colonapprox }{\mathrel {\unicode {x2237}\!\approx }}\) \(\newcommand {\Colonsim }{\mathrel {\unicode {x2237}\!\sim }}\) \(\newcommand {\strictif }{\mathrel {\unicode {x0297D}}}\) \(\newcommand {\strictfi }{\mathrel {\unicode {x0297C}}}\) \(\newcommand {\strictiff }{\mathrel {\unicode {x0297C}\!\!\unicode {x0297D}}}\) \(\newcommand {\circledwedge }{\mathbin {\LWRoverlaysymbols {\unicode {x025EF}}{\unicode {x02227}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\circledvee }{\mathbin {\LWRoverlaysymbols {\unicode {x025EF}}{\unicode {0x02228}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\circledbar }{\mathbin {\unicode {x029B6}}}\) \(\newcommand {\openJoin }{\mathrel {\unicode {x2AA4}}}\) \(\newcommand {\opentimes }{\mathrel {\unicode {x2AA4}}}\) \(\newcommand {\VvDash }{\mathrel {\unicode {x22AA}}}\) \(\newcommand {\lambdabar }{\mathord {\LWRoverlaysymbols {\raise {.5ex}{-}}{\lambda }}}\) \(\newcommand {\lambdaslash }{\mathord {\unicode {x019B}}}\) \(\newcommand {\Wr }{\mathbin {\unicode {x02240}\!\unicode {x02240}}}\) \(\newcommand {\dashleftrightarrow }{\mathrel {\unicode {x021E0}\!\unicode {x021E2}}}\) \(\let \leftrightdasharrow \dashleftrightarrow \) \(\newcommand {\fAlt }{f}\) \(\newcommand {\rhoAlt }{\rho }\) \(\newcommand {\imathscr }{\mathord {\mathscr {i}}}\) \(\newcommand {\jmathscr }{\mathord {\mathscr {j}}}\) \(\let \llbracket \lBrack \) \(\let \rrbracket \rBrack \) \(\let \smlbrace \{\) \(\let \smrbrace \}\) \(\newcommand {\Perp }{\mathrel {\unicode {x02AEB}}}\) \(\newcommand {\nPerp }{\mathrel {\not {\!\unicode {x02AEB}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\Zbar }{\mathord {\unicode {x01B5}}}\) \(\newcommand {\Angstrom }{\mathord {\unicode {x212B}}}\) \(\newcommand {\Euler }{\mathord {\unicode {x2107}}}\) \(\newcommand {\transp }{\mathord {\unicode {xFF34}}}\) \(\newcommand {\hermtransp }{\mathord {\unicode {xFF28}}}\) \(\let \htransp =\hermtransp \) \(\newcommand {\circledplus }{\mathbin {\unicode {x2295}}}\) \(\newcommand {\circledminus }{\mathbin {\unicode {x2296}}}\) \(\newcommand {\circledtimes }{\mathbin {\unicode {x2297}}}\) \(\newcommand {\circledslash }{\mathbin {\unicode {x2298}}}\) \(\newcommand {\circleddot }{\mathbin {\unicode {x2299}}}\) \(\let \overgroup \overparen \) \(\let \overgroupra \overrightarrow \) \(\let \undergroup \underparen \) \(\let \undergroupla \underleftarrow \) \(\newcommand {\widering }[1]{\stackrel {\unicode {x2218}}{\overgroup {#1}}}\) \(\let \widearc \overparen \) \(\let \wideOarc \overrightarrow \) \(\newcommand {\LWRvvstar }[2]{{\overrightarrow {#1}_{#2}}}\) \(\newcommand {\vv }{\ifstar \LWRvvstar \overrightarrow }\) \(\let \smallintsl \smallint \) \(\newcommand {\smalliintsl }{\mathop {\unicode {x222C}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\smalliiintsl }{\mathop {\unicode {x222D}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\smalliiiintsl }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A0C}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\smallointsl }{\mathop {\unicode {x222E}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\smalloiintsl }{\mathop {\unicode {x222F}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\smalloiiintsl }{\mathop {\unicode {x2230}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\smallvarointclockwisesl }{\mathop {\unicode {x2232}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\smallointctrclockwisesl }{\mathop {\unicode {x2233}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\smallsumintsl }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A0B}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\smallfintsl }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A0F}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\smallsqintsl }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A16}}\limits }\) \(\let \smallintup \smallint \) \(\newcommand {\smalliintup }{\mathop {\unicode {x222C}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\smalliiintup }{\mathop {\unicode {x222D}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\smalliiiintup }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A0C}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\smallointup }{\mathop {\unicode {x222E}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\smalloiintup }{\mathop {\unicode {x222F}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\smalloiiintup }{\mathop {\unicode {x2230}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\smallvarointclockwiseup }{\mathop {\unicode {x2232}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\smallointctrclockwiseup }{\mathop {\unicode {x2233}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\smallsumintup }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A0B}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\smallfintup }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A0F}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\smallsqintup }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A16}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\iint }{\mathop {\unicode {x222C}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\iiint }{\mathop {\unicode {x222D}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\iiiint }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A0C}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\oiint }{\mathop {\unicode {x222F}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\oiiint }{\mathop {\unicode {x2230}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\varointclockwise }{\mathop {\unicode {x2232}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\ointctrclockwise }{\mathop {\unicode {x2233}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\sumint }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A0B}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\fint }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A0F}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\sqint }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A16}}\limits }\) \(\let \intsl \int \) \(\newcommand {\iintsl }{\mathop {\unicode {x222C}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\iiintsl }{\mathop {\unicode {x222D}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\iiiintsl }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A0C}}\limits }\) \(\let \ointsl \oint \) \(\newcommand {\oiintsl }{\mathop {\unicode {x222F}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\oiiintsl }{\mathop {\unicode {x2230}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\varointclockwisesl }{\mathop {\unicode {x2232}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\ointctrclockwisesl }{\mathop {\unicode {x2233}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\sumintsl }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A0B}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\fintsl }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A0F}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\sqintsl }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A16}}\limits }\) \(\let \intup \int \) \(\newcommand {\iintup }{\mathop {\unicode {x222C}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\iiintup }{\mathop {\unicode {x222D}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\iiiintup }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A0C}}\limits }\) \(\let \ointup \oint \) \(\newcommand {\oiintup }{\mathop {\unicode {x222F}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\oiiintup }{\mathop {\unicode {x2230}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\varointclockwiseup }{\mathop {\unicode {x2232}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\ointctrclockwiseup }{\mathop {\unicode {x2233}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\sumintup }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A0B}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\fintup }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A0F}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\sqintup }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A16}}\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\bigcupdot }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A03}}}\) \(\newcommand {\bigcupplus }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A04}}}\) \(\newcommand {\bigsqcap }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A05}}}\) \(\newcommand {\bigtimes }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A09}}}\) \(\let \varprod \bigtimes \) \(\newcommand {\mappedfrom }{\mathrel {\unicode {x021A4}}}\) \(\let \mappedfromchar \mappedfrom \) \(\newcommand {\mapsfrom }{\mathrel {\unicode {x021A4}}}\) \(\newcommand {\longmappedfrom }{\mathrel {\unicode {x027FB}}}\) \(\newcommand {\Mapsto }{\mathrel {\unicode {x02907}}}\) \(\let \Mapstochar \Mapsto \) \(\newcommand {\Longmapsto }{\mathrel {\unicode {x027FE}}}\) \(\newcommand {\Mappedfrom }{\mathrel {\unicode {x02906}}}\) \(\let \Mappedfromchar \Mappedfrom \) \(\newcommand {\Mapsfrom }{\mathrel {\unicode {x02906}}}\) \(\newcommand {\Longmappedfrom }{\mathrel {\unicode {x27FD}}}\) \(\newcommand {\medcirc }{\mathbin {\unicode {x025CB}}}\) \(\newcommand {\medbullet }{\mathbin {\unicode {x025CF}}}\) \(\newcommand {\varparallel }{\mathrel {\unicode {x02AFD}}}\) \(\newcommand {\varparallelinv }{\mathrel {\unicode {x244A}}}\) \(\newcommand {\nvarparallel }{\mathrel {\LWRoverlaysymbols {-}{\unicode {x02AFD}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\nvarparallelinv }{\mathrel {\LWRoverlaysymbols {-}{\unicode {x244A}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\coloneq }{\mathrel {\unicode {x02254}}}\) \(\newcommand {\eqcolon }{\mathrel {\unicode {x02255}}}\) \(\newcommand {\VDash }{\mathrel {\unicode {x22AB}}}\) \(\newcommand {\preceqq }{\mathrel {\unicode {x02AB3}}}\) \(\newcommand {\succeqq }{\mathrel {\unicode {x02AB4}}}\) \(\newcommand {\nprecsim }{\mathrel {\LWRoverlaysymbols {/}{\unicode {x0227E}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\nsuccsim }{\mathrel {\LWRoverlaysymbols {/}{\unicode {x0227F}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\nlesssim }{\mathrel {\unicode {x02274}}}\) \(\newcommand {\ngtrsim }{\mathrel {\unicode {x02275}}}\) \(\newcommand {\nsubset }{\mathrel {\unicode {x02284}}}\) \(\newcommand {\nsupset }{\mathrel {\unicode {x02285}}}\) \(\newcommand {\notni }{\mathrel {\unicode {x220C}}}\) \(\let \notowns \notni \) \(\newcommand {\nlessapprox }{\mathrel {\LWRoverlaysymbols {/}{\unicode {x02A85}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\ngtrapprox }{\mathrel {\LWRoverlaysymbols {/}{\unicode {x02A86}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\npreccurlyeq }{\mathrel {\LWRoverlaysymbols {/}{\unicode {x0227C}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\nsucccurlyeq }{\mathrel {\LWRoverlaysymbols {/}{\unicode {x0227D}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\ngtrless }{\mathrel {\unicode {x02279}}}\) \(\newcommand {\nlessgtr }{\mathrel {\unicode {x2278}}}\) \(\newcommand {\nbumpeq }{\mathrel {\LWRoverlaysymbols {/}{\unicode {x0224F}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\nBumpeq }{\mathrel {\LWRoverlaysymbols {/}{\unicode {x0224E}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\nbacksim }{\mathrel {\LWRoverlaysymbols {/}{\unicode {x0223D}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\nbacksimeq }{\mathrel {\LWRoverlaysymbols {/}{\unicode {x022CD}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\nasymp }{\mathrel {\unicode {x226D}}}\) \(\newcommand {\nequiv }{\mathrel {\unicode {x2262}}}\) \(\newcommand {\napprox }{\mathrel {\unicode {x2249}}}\) \(\newcommand {\nll }{\mathrel {\LWRoverlaysymbols {/}{\unicode {x0226A}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\ngg }{\mathrel {\LWRoverlaysymbols {/}{\unicode {x0226B}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\nthickapprox }{\mathrel {\LWRoverlaysymbols {/}{{\mathbf {\unicode {x02248}}}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\napproxeq }{\mathrel {\LWRoverlaysymbols {/}{\unicode {x0224A}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\nprecapprox }{\mathrel {\LWRoverlaysymbols {/}{\unicode {x02AB7}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\nsuccapprox }{\mathrel {\LWRoverlaysymbols {/}{\unicode {x02AB8}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\npreceqq }{\mathrel {\LWRoverlaysymbols {/}{\unicode {x02AB3}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\nsucceqq }{\mathrel {\LWRoverlaysymbols {/}{\unicode {x02AB4}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\nsimeq }{\mathrel {\unicode {x02244}}}\) \(\newcommand {\nSubset }{\mathrel {\LWRoverlaysymbols {/}{\unicode {x022D0}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\nSupset }{\mathrel {\LWRoverlaysymbols {/}{\unicode {x022D1}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\nsqsubseteq }{\mathrel {\unicode {x022E2}}}\) \(\newcommand {\nsqsupseteq }{\mathrel {\unicode {x022E3}}}\) \(\newcommand {\coloneqq }{\mathrel {\unicode {x02254}}}\) \(\newcommand {\eqqcolon }{\mathrel {\unicode {x02255}}}\) \(\newcommand {\Coloneqq }{\mathrel {\unicode {x02A74}}}\) \(\newcommand {\Coloneq }{\mathrel {\unicode {x2237}-}}\) \(\newcommand {\Eqcolon }{\mathrel {-\unicode {x2237}}}\) \(\newcommand {\lvec }[1]{\mathord {\overset {\unicode {x02190}}{#1}}}\) \(\newcommand {\lrvec }[1]{\mathord {\overset {\unicode {x2194}}{#1}}}\) \(\newcommand {\harpoonacc }[1]{\mathord {\overset {\unicode {x021C0}}{#1}}}\) \(\newcommand {\lharpoonacc }[1]{\mathord {\overset {\unicode {x021BC}}{#1}}}\) \(\newcommand {\lrharpoonacc }[1]{\mathord {\overset {\unicode {x0294E}}{#1}}}\) \(\newcommand {\barbar }[1]{\mathord {\overset {=}{#1}}}\) \(\newcommand {\bartilde }[1]{\mathord {\overset {\simeq }{#1}}}\) \(\newcommand {\barhat }[1]{\mathord {\hat {\bar {#1}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\tildebar }[1]{\mathord {\overset {\eqsim }{#1}}}\) \(\newcommand {\tildetilde }[1]{\mathord {\overset {\approx }{#1}}}\) \(\newcommand {\tildehat }[1]{\mathord {\hat {\tilde {#1}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\hatbar }[1]{\mathord {\bar {\hat {#1}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\hattilde }[1]{\mathord {\tilde {\hat {#1}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\hathat }[1]{\mathord {\hat {\hat {#1}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\cdotB }{\mathord {\boldsymbol {\cdot }}}\) \(\newcommand {\cdotBB }{\mathord {\unicode {x2022}}}\) \(\newcommand {\circS }{\boldsymbol {\circ }}\) \(\newcommand {\bulletSSS }{\bullet }\) \(\newcommand {\bulletSS }{\mathord {\unicode {x025CF}}}\) \(\newcommand {\bulletS }{\mathord {\unicode {x02B24}}}\) \(\newcommand {\primeS }{\prime }\) \(\newcommand {\invamp }{\mathbin {\unicode {x0214B}}}\) \(\newcommand {\Lbag }{\mathopen {\large \unicode {x027C5}}}\) \(\newcommand {\Rbag }{\mathclose {\large \unicode {x027C6}}}\) \(\newcommand {\circledless }{\mathrel {\unicode {x029C0}}}\) \(\newcommand {\circledgtr }{\mathrel {\unicode {x029C1}}}\) \(\newcommand {\circledbslash }{\mathbin {\unicode {x029B8}}}\) \(\newcommand {\lJoin }{\mathrel {\unicode {x22C9}}}\) \(\newcommand {\rJoin }{\mathrel {\unicode {x22CA}}}\) \(\newcommand {\lrJoin }{\mathrel {\unicode {x2A1D}}}\) \(\newcommand {\lrtimes }{\mathrel {\unicode {x2A1D}}}\) \(\newcommand {\Diamondblack }{\mathord {\unicode {x025C6}}}\) \(\newcommand {\nplus }{\mathrel {\LWRoverlaysymbols {+}{\unicode {x02229}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\nsqsubset }{\mathrel {\LWRoverlaysymbols {/}{\unicode {x0228F}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\nsqsupset }{\mathrel {\LWRoverlaysymbols {/}{\unicode {x02290}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\dasharrow }{\mathrel {\unicode {x021E2}}}\) \(\newcommand {\leftsquigarrow }{\mathrel {\unicode {x021DC}}}\) \(\newcommand {\ntwoheadrightarrow }{\mathrel {\unicode {x02900}}}\) \(\newcommand {\ntwoheadleftarrow }{\mathrel {\unicode {x02B34}}}\) \(\newcommand {\boxast }{\mathbin {\unicode {x029C6}}}\) \(\newcommand {\boxbslash }{\mathbin {\unicode {x29C5}}}\) \(\newcommand {\boxbar }{\mathbin {\unicode {x025EB}}}\) \(\newcommand {\boxslash }{\mathbin {\unicode {x029C4}}}\) \(\newcommand {\varclubsuit }{\mathord {\unicode {x02667}}}\) \(\newcommand {\vardiamondsuit }{\mathord {\unicode {x02666}}}\) \(\newcommand {\varheartsuit }{\mathord {\unicode {x02665}}}\) \(\newcommand {\varspadesuit }{\mathord {\unicode {x02664}}}\) \(\newcommand {\Nearrow }{\mathrel {\unicode {x021D7}}}\) \(\newcommand {\Searrow }{\mathrel {\unicode {x021D8}}}\) \(\newcommand {\Nwarrow }{\mathrel {\unicode {x021D6}}}\) \(\newcommand {\Swarrow }{\mathrel {\unicode {x021D9}}}\) \(\newcommand {\Top }{\mathord {\unicode {x02AEA}}}\) \(\newcommand {\Bot }{\mathord {\unicode {x02AEB}}}\) \(\newcommand {\leadstoext }{\mathrel {\unicode {xFF5E}}}\) \(\newcommand {\sqcupplus }{\mathbin {\LWRoverlaysymbols {+}{\unicode {x02294}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\sqcapplus }{\mathbin {\LWRoverlaysymbols {+}{\unicode {x02293}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\dlb }{\mathopen {\unicode {x027E6}}}\) \(\newcommand {\drb }{\mathopen {\unicode {x027E7}}}\) \(\newcommand {\varg }{g}\) \(\newcommand {\vary }{y}\) \(\newcommand {\varv }{v}\) \(\newcommand {\varw }{w}\) \(\newcommand {\nexistsAlt }{\mathord {\unicode {x02204}}}\) \(\newcommand {\existsAlt }{\mathord {\unicode {x02203}}}\) \(\newcommand {\forallAlt }{\mathord {\unicode {x02200}}}\) \(\newcommand {\emptysetAlt }{\mathord {\unicode {x02205}}}\) \(\newcommand {\uppartial }{\mathord {\unicode {x02202}}}\) \(\let \varmathbb \mathbb \) \(\let \vmathbb \mathbb \) \(\let \vvmathbb \mathbb \) \(\let \smallprod \prod \) \(\let \smallsum \sum \) \(\let \smallcoprod \coprod \) \(\newcommand {\openbox }{\mathord {\unicode {x25FD}}}\) \(\let \textsquare \openbox \) \(\let \varemptyset \emptyset \) \(\newcommand {\mathsterling }{\mathord {\unicode {x000A3}}}\) \(\newcommand {\mathcent }{\mathord {\unicode {x000A2}}}\) \(\def\Alphaup{\unicode{x0391}}\) \(\def\Betaup{\unicode{x0392}}\) \(\def\Gammaup{\unicode{x0393}}\) \(\def\Digammaup{\unicode{x03DC}}\) \(\def\Deltaup{\unicode{x0394}}\) \(\def\Epsilonup{\unicode{x0395}}\) \(\def\Zetaup{\unicode{x0396}}\) \(\def\Etaup{\unicode{x0397}}\) \(\def\Thetaup{\unicode{x0398}}\) \(\def\Varthetaup{\unicode{x03F4}}\) \(\def\Iotaup{\unicode{x0399}}\) \(\def\Kappaup{\unicode{x039A}}\) \(\def\Lambdaup{\unicode{x039B}}\) \(\def\Muup{\unicode{x039C}}\) \(\def\Nuup{\unicode{x039D}}\) \(\def\Xiup{\unicode{x039E}}\) \(\def\Omicronup{\unicode{x039F}}\) \(\def\Piup{\unicode{x03A0}}\) \(\def\Varpiup{\unicode{x03D6}}\) \(\def\Rhoup{\unicode{x03A1}}\) \(\def\Sigmaup{\unicode{x03A3}}\) \(\def\Tauup{\unicode{x03A4}}\) \(\def\Upsilonup{\unicode{x03A5}}\) \(\def\Phiup{\unicode{x03A6}}\) \(\def\Chiup{\unicode{x03A7}}\) \(\def\Psiup{\unicode{x03A8}}\) \(\def\Omegaup{\unicode{x03A9}}\) \(\def\upAlpha{\unicode{x0391}}\) \(\def\upBeta{\unicode{x0392}}\) \(\def\upGamma{\unicode{x0393}}\) \(\def\upDigamma{\unicode{x03DC}}\) \(\def\upDelta{\unicode{x0394}}\) \(\def\upEpsilon{\unicode{x0395}}\) \(\def\upZeta{\unicode{x0396}}\) \(\def\upEta{\unicode{x0397}}\) \(\def\upTheta{\unicode{x0398}}\) \(\def\upVartheta{\unicode{x03F4}}\) \(\def\upIota{\unicode{x0399}}\) \(\def\upKappa{\unicode{x039A}}\) \(\def\upLambda{\unicode{x039B}}\) \(\def\upMu{\unicode{x039C}}\) \(\def\upNu{\unicode{x039D}}\) \(\def\upXi{\unicode{x039E}}\) \(\def\upOmicron{\unicode{x039F}}\) \(\def\upPi{\unicode{x03A0}}\) \(\def\upVarpi{\unicode{x03D6}}\) \(\def\upRho{\unicode{x03A1}}\) \(\def\upSigma{\unicode{x03A3}}\) \(\def\upTau{\unicode{x03A4}}\) \(\def\upUpsilon{\unicode{x03A5}}\) \(\def\upPhi{\unicode{x03A6}}\) \(\def\upChi{\unicode{x03A7}}\) \(\def\upPsi{\unicode{x03A8}}\) \(\def\upOmega{\unicode{x03A9}}\) \(\def\upalpha{\unicode{x03B1}}\) \(\def\upbeta{\unicode{x03B2}}\) \(\def\upvarbeta{\unicode{x03D0}}\) \(\def\upgamma{\unicode{x03B3}}\) \(\def\updigamma{\unicode{x03DD}}\) \(\def\updelta{\unicode{x03B4}}\) \(\def\upepsilon{\unicode{x03F5}}\) \(\def\upvarepsilon{\unicode{x03B5}}\) \(\def\upzeta{\unicode{x03B6}}\) \(\def\upeta{\unicode{x03B7}}\) \(\def\uptheta{\unicode{x03B8}}\) \(\def\upvartheta{\unicode{x03D1}}\) \(\def\upiota{\unicode{x03B9}}\) \(\def\upkappa{\unicode{x03BA}}\) \(\def\upvarkappa{\unicode{x03F0}}\) \(\def\uplambda{\unicode{x03BB}}\) \(\def\upmu{\unicode{x03BC}}\) \(\def\upnu{\unicode{x03BD}}\) \(\def\upxi{\unicode{x03BE}}\) \(\def\upomicron{\unicode{x03BF}}\) \(\def\uppi{\unicode{x03C0}}\) \(\def\upvarpi{\unicode{x03D6}}\) \(\def\uprho{\unicode{x03C1}}\) \(\def\upvarrho{\unicode{x03F1}}\) \(\def\upsigma{\unicode{x03C3}}\) \(\def\upvarsigma{\unicode{x03C2}}\) \(\def\uptau{\unicode{x03C4}}\) \(\def\upupsilon{\unicode{x03C5}}\) \(\def\upphi{\unicode{x03D5}}\) \(\def\upvarphi{\unicode{x03C6}}\) \(\def\upchi{\unicode{x03C7}}\) \(\def\uppsi{\unicode{x03C8}}\) \(\def\upomega{\unicode{x03C9}}\) \(\def\alphaup{\unicode{x03B1}}\) \(\def\betaup{\unicode{x03B2}}\) \(\def\varbetaup{\unicode{x03D0}}\) \(\def\gammaup{\unicode{x03B3}}\) \(\def\digammaup{\unicode{x03DD}}\) \(\def\deltaup{\unicode{x03B4}}\) \(\def\epsilonup{\unicode{x03F5}}\) \(\def\varepsilonup{\unicode{x03B5}}\) \(\def\zetaup{\unicode{x03B6}}\) \(\def\etaup{\unicode{x03B7}}\) \(\def\thetaup{\unicode{x03B8}}\) \(\def\varthetaup{\unicode{x03D1}}\) \(\def\iotaup{\unicode{x03B9}}\) \(\def\kappaup{\unicode{x03BA}}\) \(\def\varkappaup{\unicode{x03F0}}\) \(\def\lambdaup{\unicode{x03BB}}\) \(\def\muup{\unicode{x03BC}}\) \(\def\nuup{\unicode{x03BD}}\) \(\def\xiup{\unicode{x03BE}}\) \(\def\omicronup{\unicode{x03BF}}\) \(\def\piup{\unicode{x03C0}}\) \(\def\varpiup{\unicode{x03D6}}\) \(\def\rhoup{\unicode{x03C1}}\) \(\def\varrhoup{\unicode{x03F1}}\) \(\def\sigmaup{\unicode{x03C3}}\) \(\def\varsigmaup{\unicode{x03C2}}\) \(\def\tauup{\unicode{x03C4}}\) \(\def\upsilonup{\unicode{x03C5}}\) \(\def\phiup{\unicode{x03D5}}\) \(\def\varphiup{\unicode{x03C6}}\) \(\def\chiup{\unicode{x03C7}}\) \(\def\psiup{\unicode{x03C8}}\) \(\def\omegaup{\unicode{x03C9}}\) \(\def\Alphait{\unicode{x1D6E2}}\) \(\def\Betait{\unicode{x1D6E3}}\) \(\def\Gammait{\unicode{x1D6E4}}\) \(\def\Digammait{\mathit{\unicode{x03DC}}}\) \(\def\Deltait{\unicode{x1D6E5}}\) \(\def\Epsilonit{\unicode{x1D6E6}}\) \(\def\Zetait{\unicode{x1D6E7}}\) \(\def\Etait{\unicode{x1D6E8}}\) \(\def\Thetait{\unicode{x1D6E9}}\) \(\def\Varthetait{\unicode{x1D6F3}}\) \(\def\Iotait{\unicode{x1D6EA}}\) \(\def\Kappait{\unicode{x1D6EB}}\) \(\def\Lambdait{\unicode{x1D6EC}}\) \(\def\Muit{\unicode{x1D6ED}}\) \(\def\Nuit{\unicode{x1D6EE}}\) \(\def\Xiit{\unicode{x1D6EF}}\) \(\def\Omicronit{\unicode{x1D6F0}}\) \(\def\Piit{\unicode{x1D6F1}}\) \(\def\Rhoit{\unicode{x1D6F2}}\) \(\def\Sigmait{\unicode{x1D6F4}}\) \(\def\Tauit{\unicode{x1D6F5}}\) \(\def\Upsilonit{\unicode{x1D6F6}}\) \(\def\Phiit{\unicode{x1D6F7}}\) \(\def\Chiit{\unicode{x1D6F8}}\) \(\def\Psiit{\unicode{x1D6F9}}\) \(\def\Omegait{\unicode{x1D6FA}}\) \(\def\alphait{\unicode{x1D6FC}}\) \(\def\betait{\unicode{x1D6FD}}\) \(\def\varbetait{\unicode{x03D0}}\) \(\def\gammait{\unicode{x1D6FE}}\) \(\def\digammait{\mathit{\unicode{x03DD}}}\) \(\def\deltait{\unicode{x1D6FF}}\) \(\def\epsilonit{\unicode{x1D716}}\) \(\def\varepsilonit{\unicode{x1D700}}\) \(\def\zetait{\unicode{x1D701}}\) \(\def\etait{\unicode{x1D702}}\) \(\def\thetait{\unicode{x1D703}}\) \(\def\varthetait{\unicode{x1D717}}\) \(\def\iotait{\unicode{x1D704}}\) \(\def\kappait{\unicode{x1D705}}\) \(\def\varkappait{\unicode{x1D718}}\) \(\def\lambdait{\unicode{x1D706}}\) \(\def\muit{\unicode{x1D707}}\) \(\def\nuit{\unicode{x1D708}}\) \(\def\xiit{\unicode{x1D709}}\) \(\def\omicronit{\unicode{x1D70A}}\) \(\def\piit{\unicode{x1D70B}}\) \(\def\varpiit{\unicode{x1D71B}}\) \(\def\rhoit{\unicode{x1D70C}}\) \(\def\varrhoit{\unicode{x1D71A}}\) \(\def\sigmait{\unicode{x1D70E}}\) \(\def\varsigmait{\unicode{x1D70D}}\) \(\def\tauit{\unicode{x1D70F}}\) \(\def\upsilonit{\unicode{x1D710}}\) \(\def\phiit{\unicode{x1D719}}\) \(\def\varphiit{\unicode{x1D711}}\) \(\def\chiit{\unicode{x1D712}}\) \(\def\psiit{\unicode{x1D713}}\) \(\def\omegait{\unicode{x1D714}}\) \(\def\itAlpha{\unicode{x1D6E2}}\) \(\def\itBeta{\unicode{x1D6E3}}\) \(\def\itGamma{\unicode{x1D6E4}}\) \(\def\itDigamma{\mathit{\unicode{x03DC}}}\) \(\def\itDelta{\unicode{x1D6E5}}\) \(\def\itEpsilon{\unicode{x1D6E6}}\) \(\def\itZeta{\unicode{x1D6E7}}\) \(\def\itEta{\unicode{x1D6E8}}\) \(\def\itTheta{\unicode{x1D6E9}}\) \(\def\itVartheta{\unicode{x1D6F3}}\) \(\def\itIota{\unicode{x1D6EA}}\) \(\def\itKappa{\unicode{x1D6EB}}\) \(\def\itLambda{\unicode{x1D6EC}}\) \(\def\itMu{\unicode{x1D6ED}}\) \(\def\itNu{\unicode{x1D6EE}}\) \(\def\itXi{\unicode{x1D6EF}}\) \(\def\itOmicron{\unicode{x1D6F0}}\) \(\def\itPi{\unicode{x1D6F1}}\) \(\def\itRho{\unicode{x1D6F2}}\) \(\def\itSigma{\unicode{x1D6F4}}\) \(\def\itTau{\unicode{x1D6F5}}\) \(\def\itUpsilon{\unicode{x1D6F6}}\) \(\def\itPhi{\unicode{x1D6F7}}\) \(\def\itChi{\unicode{x1D6F8}}\) \(\def\itPsi{\unicode{x1D6F9}}\) \(\def\itOmega{\unicode{x1D6FA}}\) \(\def\italpha{\unicode{x1D6FC}}\) \(\def\itbeta{\unicode{x1D6FD}}\) \(\def\itvarbeta{\unicode{x03D0}}\) \(\def\itgamma{\unicode{x1D6FE}}\) \(\def\itdigamma{\mathit{\unicode{x03DD}}}\) \(\def\itdelta{\unicode{x1D6FF}}\) \(\def\itepsilon{\unicode{x1D716}}\) \(\def\itvarepsilon{\unicode{x1D700}}\) \(\def\itzeta{\unicode{x1D701}}\) \(\def\iteta{\unicode{x1D702}}\) \(\def\ittheta{\unicode{x1D703}}\) \(\def\itvartheta{\unicode{x1D717}}\) \(\def\itiota{\unicode{x1D704}}\) \(\def\itkappa{\unicode{x1D705}}\) \(\def\itvarkappa{\unicode{x1D718}}\) \(\def\itlambda{\unicode{x1D706}}\) \(\def\itmu{\unicode{x1D707}}\) \(\def\itnu{\unicode{x1D708}}\) \(\def\itxi{\unicode{x1D709}}\) \(\def\itomicron{\unicode{x1D70A}}\) \(\def\itpi{\unicode{x1D70B}}\) \(\def\itvarpi{\unicode{x1D71B}}\) \(\def\itrho{\unicode{x1D70C}}\) \(\def\itvarrho{\unicode{x1D71A}}\) \(\def\itsigma{\unicode{x1D70E}}\) \(\def\itvarsigma{\unicode{x1D70D}}\) \(\def\ittau{\unicode{x1D70F}}\) \(\def\itupsilon{\unicode{x1D710}}\) \(\def\itphi{\unicode{x1D719}}\) \(\def\itvarphi{\unicode{x1D711}}\) \(\def\itchi{\unicode{x1D712}}\) \(\def\itpsi{\unicode{x1D713}}\) \(\def\itomega{\unicode{x1D714}}\) \(\newcommand{\anglesLWRsubstar}[2][]{{#1\left \langle #2#1\right \rangle }}\) \(\newcommand{\anglesLWRsubnostar}[2][]{{#1\langle #2#1\rangle }}\) \(\newcommand{\angles}{\ifstar\anglesLWRsubstar\anglesLWRsubnostar}\)

References